IE Resources

Gain an in-depth understanding of the issues that cause cycle time problems and learn how to solve them.

Queueing Formula References

We have collected a short list of references that you might find useful in estimating cycle time via queueing models. This list is by no means exhaustive; it merely represents sources that we have found especially helpful.


  • S. Asmussen. 1987. Applied Probability and Queues. John Wiley & Sons.
  • F. Chance. 1999. The Factory Explorer User Manual. Wright Williams & Kelly.
  • D. Connors, G. Feigin, and D. Yao. 1996. A Queueing Network Model for Semiconductor Manufacturing. IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing, Vol. 9, No. 3, 412-427.
  • D. Gross and C. M. Harris. 1997. Fundamentals of Queueing Theory. John Wiley & Sons.
  • W. Kraemer and M. Langenbach-Belz. 1976. Approximate formulae for the delay in the queuing system GI/G/1. Congressbook, 8th Internat. Teletraffic Congress, Melbourne, 235-1/8.
  • N. Prabhu. 1981. Basic Queueing Theory. Technical Report No. 478, School of Operations Research and Industrial Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
  • W. Whitt. 1983a. The Queueing Network Analyzer. Bell Systems Technical Journal 62: 2779-2815.
  • W. Whitt. 1983b. The Performance of the Queueing Network Analyzer. Bell Systems Technical Journal 62: 2817-2843.

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